Biting is a normal behaviour for puppies, but it’s far from desirable, especially as puppy teeth are sharp and can easily break skin. A puppy’s biting tendencies are most likely to reach their peak between the ages of 12-16 weeks, which correlates with the start of teething. This is when puppies start to lose their milk teeth and grow their adult teeth.
Puppies typically stop biting as they reach adolescence. However, it’s important to set your puppy up for success by ensuring that they don’t practise biting often.
It can feel disheartening when your puppy bites, but you can overcome this common struggle with help from the specialist trainers at Absolute Dogs. Here, they share the six causes of puppy biting and strategies to manage this behaviour.
Cause 1. Lack of Sleep
One of the most common causes of biting — and undesirable puppy behaviour in general — is a lack of sleep. Puppies need 17-20 hours of sleep each day, which means the answer to most puppy struggles is more naptime.
A sleep-deprived puppy isn’t in a great state to make good decisions or regulate their emotions. Just like a tired toddler going into meltdown mode, lack of sleep can make your puppy overstimulated, reactive, and more likely to experience frustration. When tired, your puppy may growl, bite, or grab at you and things around them.
Thankfully, there are two things you can do to address this cause of puppy biting.
1. Encourage More Naps
Your puppy’s ability to take deep, regular naps will decrease from the age of eight weeks. This isn’t because they need fewer naps. It’s because their world has become much more stimulating and, as a result, they’re having a harder time settling.
Simply getting more sleep can help your puppy feel refreshed, revitalised, and less likely to bite. You can encourage your puppy to nap more by ensuring they have a quiet, calm place to relax that won’t disturb the quality of their sleep.
Create a small, dedicated rest space for your puppy, such as a crate, x-pen, or other puppy-proofed area. Covering this space can also help reduce distractions in the environment that may otherwise prevent your puppy from sleeping.
It’s important to set up a place for your puppy that’s free from hands, feet, and human or other animal interactions. These distractions could prevent your puppy from sleeping deeply.
2. Play A Game That Rewards Your Puppy for Doing Nothing
Each time your puppy lies down and relaxes, reward them with a quietly delivered food treat. This game-based training technique provides positive reinforcement for their calm behaviour.
You might reward your puppy when you see them settling on their bed or resting their chin on the floor or their leg. The aim is to reward your puppy for doing as little as possible.
Absolute Dogs recommends using your puppy’s daily food rations, like their kibble, as rewards during training games like this one. This approach can help you increase your puppy’s perceived value of the food you would have given them anyway.
Cause 2. Too Much Freedom
Your puppy is constantly learning and taking in everything around them. As a result, too much freedom can lead to information overload, overstimulation, and biting. When you give your overstimulated puppy too much access to you, they have more opportunities to make poor decisions and bite.
Give your puppy the chance to relax and settle away from you in a safe area, such as the crate, x-pen, or puppy-proofed space where they sleep. This will limit how often your puppy gets to practise negative behaviours like biting.
Help your puppy develop a positive association with their safe space by playing Absolute Dogs’ I Love My Crate training game. Toss food into your puppy’s crate and reward them when they go inside by throwing several more pieces of food in quickly. Then, toss one piece of food out to encourage your puppy to leave the crate.
Over time, this game will see you give your puppy more rewards when they’re in their crate than out of it. Closing the crate and feeding your puppy from the top if you have a wire crate (or sides if you have a plastic crate) can encourage calm behaviour when the door is closed. This game also helps prevent separation-related behaviours.
Remember, the more your puppy feels overwhelmed, and the more access they have to you in those moments, the more likely they are to bite. It’s not personal. They’re simply giving in to the desire to bite, and you happen to be nearby. Your puppy will outgrow this desire, but it’s important that you restrict their opportunities to practise biting.
Cause 3. Excitement
When your puppy is over-excited and frantic, you might assume that they need more exercise to tire them out. It’s a logical conclusion, but this often leads to a puppy that can’t settle, doesn’t know how to be calm, and only sleeps when they crash.
Additional exercise can also increase your puppy’s stamina, meaning longer periods of hyperactivity and more potential for biting.
The solution to over-excitement is to teach your puppy how to regulate their emotions and be calm. You can do this through the games mentioned earlier, that reward your puppy for doing nothing and build a positive association with their crate.
Although too much exercise can cause over-arousal, it’s vital not to go too far the other way. Your puppy needs adequate exercise and mental stimulation that provides them with opportunities to problem-solve. Mental stimulation activities can come in many forms, including:
- Games that encourage your puppy to use their nose.
- Games that encourage thought, such as how to put two feet on a box.
- Games that build calmness.
- Stuffable food toys, like a Kong.
Fast-paced, intense games can be fun, but they can increase your puppy’s excitement levels and won’t teach them to regulate their behaviour.
To lower the likelihood of your puppy biting, choose mental enrichment games that encourage a calm and settled body. Try Absolute Dogs’ Aeroplane Feeding game, which incentivises self-control, builds frustration tolerance, and decreases arousal.
The Aeroplane Feeding Game
To play this game, position your puppy in front of you (being on a bed or raised cot can help). Gradually bring a piece of food down to them. If they shift their weight towards the food or try to jump for it, pull your hand out of their reach.
As soon as your puppy settles again, continue moving the food towards their mouth. You may have to repeat pulling back and bringing the food forward several times before your puppy settles down. When they do, reward them with the food.
Be sure to keep the game slow and calm, without too much excitement from you. You want your puppy to learn to be relaxed when taking positive reinforcement.
Cause 4. Absence of a Healthy Outlet
In addition to licking, sniffing, and shredding, puppies chew and bite to self-soothe and regulate their emotions. Your puppy may be biting because they need more access to chew toys and other healthy outlets that help them self-regulate.
Try to identify your puppy’s texture preferences for biting or chewing and get them chews that emulate those preferences. Remember that your puppy’s preferences are likely to change as they grow and go through the teething process.
Absolute Dogs’ Ditch the Bowl eBook has some great options for appropriate chewing and biting outlets. Swapping out chews every one to three days can also keep available options novel and interesting for your puppy.
As puppies often use a few self-regulation methods, it’s best not to limit them to only one option. Stuffable food toys like kongs and Calm Mats from A-OK9 are excellent outlets for puppies that may have a preference for licking.
For puppies with a preference for sniffing, try scattering their food in the grass or a snuffle mat. Finally, if your puppy tends to be on the destructive side, give them things they can safely shred, such as cardboard boxes. Remember to monitor them to make sure they don’t ingest anything.
Appropriate Play
Appropriate play can be another fantastic, healthy outlet to reduce your puppy’s biting behaviour. Interactive toys that create space between you and your puppy, like a longer tug toy, make it less likely for your puppy to bite your hand if they accidentally miss grabbing the toy.
Absolute Dogs recommends encouraging and celebrating your puppy any time they interact with an appropriate toy. This can help your puppy develop better habits when it comes to the items they choose to bite.
Using two balls when teaching your puppy to retrieve can also help define clear space requirements. Your puppy is less likely to grab at or bite at your hand if they already have a ball in their mouth.
Cause 5. Defence
Defence is a less common cause of puppy biting but just as important to be aware of. A puppy may bite because they feel they must defend themselves. Perhaps they’ve experienced over-handling, haven’t enjoyed being handled, or had their collar grabbed too many times in response to making poor decisions.
A puppy may also bite or snap out of surprise or fear. For example, if they feel cornered in a crate or if someone has touched them unexpectedly.
Absolute Dogs’ Naughty But Nice Core Programme can help your puppy with these challenges. The programme’s games build confidence and optimism, transforming the way your puppy sees the world and interacts with you.
The Hand Over Head, Relax Game
Absolute Dogs’ Hand Over Head, Relax game is ideal for puppies that struggle with handling. Starting when your puppy is in a relaxed state, simply move your hand. This movement can be as small as twitching a finger or swaying your hand at your side. When your puppy acknowledges the movement by calmly looking over, say “Yes” and reward them.
With each repetition, gradually move your hand so your palm is facing down, over your puppy. At first, start really high, offering your hand closer to your puppy over time. If at any point your puppy struggles and tries to step back, you may need to slow down.
With time, this game should help your puppy embrace the idea that hands moving towards, around, or to touch them are not always invasive and can be safe.
Cause 6. Genetic Predisposition
Depending on their breed, your puppy may have a genetic predisposition to bite. For example, a Border collie puppy may have a tendency to bite at heels or anything in motion due to their breed’s sheep-herding background.
It can be helpful to learn about the tendencies of your puppy’s breed. You can then play games that will help your puppy make better decisions while keeping in mind their natural impulses.
Most puppies benefit from games that focus on becoming calm and disengaging from distractions. However, these games are especially important for breeds that tend to bite, use their mouth a lot, or chase anything that moves, like other animals or people.
Absolute Dogs’ game-based training can help you and your puppy prepare for situations when your puppy may want to bite. However, no one is perfect, and sometimes your puppy will bite anyway. In these situations, you can interrupt your puppy’s biting decisions with these three methods:
1. Let Your Puppy Sleep
When your puppy bites, they are probably feeling frustrated, overwhelmed, overstimulated, or tired. Encouraging naptime is Absolute Dogs’ number one way to handle biting.
2. End Play
When your puppy bites, end play immediately and move them to their safe space. Here, they can engage in independent self-regulation activities, such as chewing or licking a toy.
3. Use An Attention Noise
Use an attention noise when your puppy shows signs that they might start biting to distract them from this behaviour.
When your puppy looks at you in response to the noise, cheer them on and scatter five to six pieces of food on the ground so they can snuffle them up. Then redirect your puppy to an appropriate toy or move them to their safe space so they can calm down with a healthy outlet.
Be sure to practise Absolute Dogs’ Attention Noise game separately from a biting scenario. This will ensure your puppy stops what they’re doing and looks up when they hear the noise.
You can play this game by tossing a piece of food a few feet away from you so that your puppy goes to get it. Then, make a noise just as your puppy finishes the food and starts to orientate back towards you. This can be any noise, as long as it doesn’t imply disappointment or punishment. When your puppy turns to look at you in response to the sound, cheer “Yes,” and then reward them.
This game will help your puppy develop a positive association with the sound. You can use it to redirect poor decisions and unwanted behaviour, including biting.
Get more tips on preventing puppy biting from Absolute Dogs.
About Absolute Dogs
Since launching in 2014, Absolute Dogs has changed the face of dog training with its unique, games-based training approach. Always focused on positive reinforcement, Absolute Dogs’ games and courses make dog training fun and rewarding for dogs and their owners. From improving whistle recall to mastering stress-free walks, Absolute Dogs has a game for practically every dog training struggle an owner might face. Dog owners can also join Games Club, an online platform packed with Absolute Dogs’ training solutions.